Hoy dedicamos otro artículo a la optimización de las páginas mediante el arreglo de los errores detectados por un análisis en PageSpeed. El aviso que queremos arreglar hoy es el siguiente:
Publica recursos estáticos con una política de caché eficaz.
¿Qué es la caché?
La caché es un almacenamiento que se usa para guardar contenidos que se van a usar más veces, para poder acceder a ellos de manera más rápida. Si mi navegador no tiene que ir a Internet a buscar ciertos contenidos, la navegación por la página será más rápida.
Existe caché del servidor, y caché del navegador. Esta última es la que nos interesa hoy, y se guarda en los ordenadores de cada usuario. Dentro de lo que se guarda, en este caso nos vamos a centrar en los contenidos estáticos, es decir principalmente imágenes, ficheros de estilo (css) y ficheros con scripts (javascript).
Google se está quejando que esta caché, para estos ficheros, no está configurada de manera óptima.
Especificar correctamente los tiempos que se guardan estos ficheros es importante. Porque si no se definen estás obligando al usuario a ir a buscarlos a la web cada vez que se necesitan (lento e innecesario). Si los defines con un tiempo demasiado grande no se renovarán y los usuarios no verán cambios en tu web.
¿Cómo se puede definir la política de caché?
Como siempre en WordPress podemos usar un plugin para hacer esto. Pero los plugins también añaden scripts y usan recursos. Así que hoy vamos a explicar cómo hacerlo sin plugin.
Para ello vamos a usar el fichero .htacess del servidor, que podemos editar mediante un cliente como Filezilla (tendremos que mostrar los ficheros ocultos). Recordad hacer una copia de seguridad antes por si tenemos que volver todo a como estaba (en informática es vital tener un plan b,c,y d).
Hay dos maneras de hacerlo, con cabeceras Control de Caché o Expiración. Ahora la tendencia es con Control de Caché, pero os dejamos las dos para la versión de Apache.
Cabeceras de Expiración (método antiguo).
Os vamos a dejar el código que usamos aquí, recopilado de varios sitios web. Podéis usarlo todo o en parte. Y podéis modificar los tiempos. Recordad que está puesto en segundos, así que, por ejemplo, 31536000 es un año (365 días) y 2592000 es un mes (30 días).
El código que usamos es el siguiente:
<IfModule mod_mime.c>
AddType text/css .css
AddType text/x-component .htc
AddType application/x-javascript .js
AddType application/javascript .js2
AddType text/javascript .js3
AddType text/x-js .js4
AddType text/html .html .htm
AddType text/richtext .rtf .rtx
AddType image/svg+xml .svg
AddType text/plain .txt
AddType text/xsd .xsd
AddType text/xsl .xsl
AddType text/xml .xml
AddType video/asf .asf .asx .wax .wmv .wmx
AddType video/avi .avi
AddType image/bmp .bmp
AddType application/java .class
AddType video/divx .divx
AddType application/msword .doc .docx
AddType application/vnd.ms-fontobject .eot
AddType application/x-msdownload .exe
AddType image/gif .gif
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .gzip
AddType image/x-icon .ico
AddType image/jpeg .jpg .jpeg .jpe
AddType image/webp .webp
AddType application/json .json
AddType application/vnd.ms-access .mdb
AddType audio/midi .mid .midi
AddType video/quicktime .mov .qt
AddType audio/mpeg .mp3 .m4a
AddType video/mp4 .mp4 .m4v
AddType video/mpeg .mpeg .mpg .mpe
AddType application/vnd.ms-project .mpp
AddType application/x-font-otf .otf
AddType application/vnd.ms-opentype ._otf
AddType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database .odb
AddType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart .odc
AddType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula .odf
AddType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics .odg
AddType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation .odp
AddType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet .ods
AddType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text .odt
AddType audio/ogg .ogg
AddType application/pdf .pdf
AddType image/png .png
AddType application/vnd.ms-powerpoint .pot .pps .ppt .pptx
AddType audio/x-realaudio .ra .ram
AddType image/svg+xml .svg .svgz
AddType application/x-shockwave-flash .swf
AddType application/x-tar .tar
AddType image/tiff .tif .tiff
AddType application/x-font-ttf .ttf .ttc
AddType application/vnd.ms-opentype ._ttf
AddType audio/wav .wav
AddType audio/wma .wma
AddType application/vnd.ms-write .wri
AddType application/font-woff .woff
AddType application/font-woff2 .woff2
AddType application/vnd.ms-excel .xla .xls .xlsx .xlt .xlw
AddType application/zip .zip
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_expires.c>
ExpiresActive On
ExpiresByType text/css A864000
ExpiresByType text/x-component A864000
ExpiresByType application/x-javascript A864000
ExpiresByType application/javascript A864000
ExpiresByType text/javascript A864000
ExpiresByType text/x-js A864000
ExpiresByType text/html A3600
ExpiresByType text/richtext A3600
ExpiresByType image/svg+xml A3600
ExpiresByType text/plain A3600
ExpiresByType text/xsd A3600
ExpiresByType text/xsl A3600
ExpiresByType text/xml A3600
ExpiresByType video/asf A864000
ExpiresByType video/avi A864000
ExpiresByType image/bmp A864000
ExpiresByType application/java A864000
ExpiresByType video/divx A864000
ExpiresByType application/msword A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject A864000
ExpiresByType application/x-msdownload A864000
ExpiresByType image/gif A864000
ExpiresByType application/x-gzip A864000
ExpiresByType image/x-icon A864000
ExpiresByType image/jpeg A864000
ExpiresByType image/webp A864000
ExpiresByType application/json A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-access A864000
ExpiresByType audio/midi A864000
ExpiresByType video/quicktime A864000
ExpiresByType audio/mpeg A864000
ExpiresByType video/mp4 A864000
ExpiresByType video/mpeg A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-project A864000
ExpiresByType application/x-font-otf A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-opentype A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text A864000
ExpiresByType audio/ogg A864000
ExpiresByType application/pdf A864000
ExpiresByType image/png A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-powerpoint A864000
ExpiresByType audio/x-realaudio A864000
ExpiresByType image/svg+xml A864000
ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash A864000
ExpiresByType application/x-tar A864000
ExpiresByType image/tiff A864000
ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-opentype A864000
ExpiresByType audio/wav A864000
ExpiresByType audio/wma A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-write A864000
ExpiresByType application/font-woff A864000
ExpiresByType application/font-woff2 A864000
ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-excel A864000
ExpiresByType application/zip A864000
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css text/x-component application/x-javascript application/javascript text/javascript text/x-js text/html text/richtext image/svg+xml text/plain text/xsd text/xsl text/xml image/bmp application/java application/msword application/vnd.ms-fontobject application/x-msdownload image/x-icon image/webp application/json application/vnd.ms-access application/vnd.ms-project application/x-font-otf application/vnd.ms-opentype application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text audio/ogg application/pdf application/vnd.ms-powerpoint image/svg+xml application/x-shockwave-flash image/tiff application/x-font-ttf application/vnd.ms-opentype audio/wav application/vnd.ms-write application/font-woff application/font-woff2 application/vnd.ms-excel
<IfModule mod_mime.c>
# DEFLATE by extension
AddOutputFilter DEFLATE js css htm html xml
</IfModule>
</IfModule>
<FilesMatch "\.(css|htc|less|js|js2|js3|js4|CSS|HTC|LESS|JS|JS2|JS3|JS4)$">
FileETag MTime Size
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
Header set Pragma "public"
Header append Cache-Control "public"
Header unset Set-Cookie
</IfModule>
</FilesMatch>
<FilesMatch "\.(html|htm|rtf|rtx|svg|txt|xsd|xsl|xml|HTML|HTM|RTF|RTX|SVG|TXT|XSD|XSL|XML)$">
FileETag MTime Size
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
Header append Vary User-Agent env=!dont-vary
Header set Pragma "public"
Header append Cache-Control "public"
</IfModule>
</FilesMatch>
<FilesMatch "\.(asf|asx|wax|wmv|wmx|avi|bmp|class|divx|doc|docx|eot|exe|gif|gz|gzip|ico|jpg|jpeg|jpe|webp|json|mdb|mid|midi|mov|qt|mp3|m4a|mp4|m4v|mpeg|mpg|mpe|mpp|otf|_otf|odb|odc|odf|odg|odp|ods|odt|ogg|pdf|png|pot|pps|ppt|pptx|ra|ram|svg|svgz|swf|tar|tif|tiff|ttf|ttc|_ttf|wav|wma|wri|woff|woff2|xla|xls|xlsx|xlt|xlw|zip|ASF|ASX|WAX|WMV|WMX|AVI|BMP|CLASS|DIVX|DOC|DOCX|EOT|EXE|GIF|GZ|GZIP|ICO|JPG|JPEG|JPE|WEBP|JSON|MDB|MID|MIDI|MOV|QT|MP3|M4A|MP4|M4V|MPEG|MPG|MPE|MPP|OTF|_OTF|ODB|ODC|ODF|ODG|ODP|ODS|ODT|OGG|PDF|PNG|POT|PPS|PPT|PPTX|RA|RAM|SVG|SVGZ|SWF|TAR|TIF|TIFF|TTF|TTC|_TTF|WAV|WMA|WRI|WOFF|WOFF2|XLA|XLS|XLSX|XLT|XLW|ZIP)$">
FileETag MTime Size
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
Header set Pragma "public"
Header append Cache-Control "public"
Header unset Set-Cookie
</IfModule>
</FilesMatch>
<FilesMatch "\.(bmp|class|doc|docx|eot|exe|ico|webp|json|mdb|mpp|otf|_otf|odb|odc|odf|odg|odp|ods|odt|ogg|pdf|pot|pps|ppt|pptx|svg|svgz|swf|tif|tiff|ttf|ttc|_ttf|wav|wri|woff|woff2|xla|xls|xlsx|xlt|xlw|BMP|CLASS|DOC|DOCX|EOT|EXE|ICO|WEBP|JSON|MDB|MPP|OTF|_OTF|ODB|ODC|ODF|ODG|ODP|ODS|ODT|OGG|PDF|POT|PPS|PPT|PPTX|SVG|SVGZ|SWF|TIF|TIFF|TTF|TTC|_TTF|WAV|WRI|WOFF|WOFF2|XLA|XLS|XLSX|XLT|XLW)$">
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
Header unset Last-Modified
</IfModule>
</FilesMatch>Cabeceras de Control de Caché. Método actual.
Os dejamos un ejemplo.
#Deshabilita ETag para que los navegadores sigan estas directrices.
FileETag None
# Turn on Expires and set default to 0
ExpiresActive On
ExpiresDefault A0
# Set up caching on media files for 1 year (forever?)
<FilesMatch "\.(flv|ico|pdf|avi|mov|ppt|doc|mp3|wmv|wav)$">
ExpiresDefault A29030400
Header append Cache-Control "public"
</FilesMatch>
# Set up caching on media files for 1 week
<FilesMatch "\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|swf)$">
ExpiresDefault A604800
Header append Cache-Control "public"
</FilesMatch>
# Set up 2 Hour caching on commonly updated files
<FilesMatch "\.(xml|txt|js|css)$">
ExpiresDefault A604800
Header append Cache-Control "proxy-revalidate"
</FilesMatch>
<FilesMatch "\.(js|css|xml|gz)$">
Header append Vary Accept-Encoding
</FilesMatch>
# Force no caching for dynamic files
<FilesMatch "\.(php|cgi|pl|htm)$">
ExpiresActive Off
Header set Cache-Control "private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform"
Header set Pragma "no-cache"
</FilesMatch>
AddEncoding gzip .gz
<Files *.css.gz>
ForceType text/css
</Files>
<Files *.js.gz>
ForceType text/javascript
</Files>
<FilesMatch .*\.(js|css)>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} !MSIE
RewriteCond %{HTTP:Accept-encoding} gzip
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME}.gz -f
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ $1.gz [L]
</FilesMatch>Activar la compresión.
Esto es además de lo anterior. En el caso ideal debemos añadir las Cabeceras de Caché y luego esto después.
Ya que estamos, podemos añadir la compresión de estos estáticos. Así reduciremos la cantidad de datos que tenemos que enviar y recibir. Para ello vamos a activar gzip o, en su defecto, deflate. Lo mejor es que añadamos esto antes del código anterior.
<IfModule mod_gzip.c>
mod_gzip_on Yes
mod_gzip_dechunk Yes
mod_gzip_item_include file .(html?|txt|css|js|php|pl)$
mod_gzip_item_include handler ^cgi-script$
mod_gzip_item_include mime ^text/.*
mod_gzip_item_include mime ^application/x-javascript.*
mod_gzip_item_exclude mime ^image/.*
mod_gzip_item_exclude rspheader ^Content-Encoding:.*gzip.*
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
Header append Vary User-Agent env=!dont-vary
</IfModule>
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css text/x-component application/x-javascript application/javascript text/javascript text/x-js text/html text/richtext image/svg+xml text/plain text/xsd text/xsl text/xml image/bmp application/java application/msword application/vnd.ms-fontobject application/x-msdownload image/x-icon application/json application/vnd.ms-access application/vnd.ms-project application/x-font-otf application/vnd.ms-opentype application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text audio/ogg application/pdf application/vnd.ms-powerpoint application/x-shockwave-flash image/tiff application/x-font-ttf application/vnd.ms-opentype audio/wav application/vnd.ms-write application/font-woff application/font-woff2 application/vnd.ms-excel
<IfModule mod_mime.c>
# DEFLATE by extension
AddOutputFilter DEFLATE js css htm html xml
</IfModule>
</IfModule>Si añadimos esto en htaccess y hacemos la prueba de PageSpeed de nuevo, deberíamos ver que el mensaje mencionado ha desaparecido. Si no, apuntad los estáticos y ved si hay que ajustar algo más.
Nota: no se puede definir estas políticas para estáticos externos (recursos de terceros).
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